The Open System Interconnection is a called “OSI” Model; it is different parts of OSI Model. the OSI Model define a networking framework to implement protocols in seven layers Like Application Layer, Presentation Layer, Session Layer, Transport Layer, Network Layer, Data Link Layer and Physical Layer. The TCP/IP protocols, which define the internet do not map cleanly to the Open System Interconnection. Its goal is the interoperability of diverse Communication system with standard protocol.
Physical Layer
This layer conveys the bit stream - electrical impulse, light or radio signal — through the network at the electrical and mechanical level.
It provides the hardware means of sending and receiving data on a carrier, including defining cables, cards and physical aspects.
Fast Ethernet, RS232, and ATM are protocols with physical layer components.
Examples- Ethernet, FDDI, B8ZS, V.35, V.24, and RJ45.
Data Link Layer
At this layer, data packets are encoded and decoded into bits.
It furnishes transmission protocol knowledge and management and handles errors in the physical layer, flow control and frame synchronization. The data link layer is divided into two sub layers: The Media Access Control (MAC) layer and the Logical Link Control (LLC) layer.
The MAC sub layer controls how a computer on the network gains access to the data and permission to transmit it.
The LLC layer controls frame synchronization, flow control and error checking.
Examples- PPP, FDDI, ATM, and IEEE 802.5 / 802.2, IEEE 802.3/802.2, HDLC, and Frame Relay.
Network Layer
This layer provides switching and routing technologies, creating logical paths, known as virtual circuits, for transmitting data from node to node. Routing and forwarding are functions of this layer, as well as addressing, inter networking, error handling, congestion control and packet sequencing.
Examples- AppleTalk DDP, IP, IPX.
Transport Layer
This layer provides transparent transfer of data between end systems, or hosts, and is responsible for end-to-end error recovery and It ensures complete data transfer.
Examples- SPX, TCP, and UDP.
Session Layer
This layer establishes, manages and terminates connections between applications.
The session layer sets up, coordinates, and terminates conversations, exchanges, and dialogues between the applications at each end. It deals with session and connection coordination.
Examples- NFS, NetBIOS names, RPC, SQL.
Presentation Layer
This layer provides independence from differences in data representation (e.g., encryption) by translating from application to network format. The presentation layer works to transform data into the form that the application layer can accept.
This layer formats and encrypts data to be sent across a network, providing freedom from compatibility problems. It is sometimes called the syntax layer.
Examples- encryption, ASCII, EBCDIC, TIFF, GIF, PICT, JPEG, MPEG, MIDI.
Application Layer
This layer supports application and end-user processes. Communication partners are identified, quality of service is identified, user authentication and privacy are considered, and any constraints on data syntax are identified. Everything at this layer is application-specific. This layer provides application services for file transfers, e-mail, and other network software services.
Telnet and FTP are applications that exist entirely in the application level. Tiered application architectures are part of this layer.
Examples- WWW browsers, NFS, SNMP, Telnet, HTTP, FTP
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